Discussing British Police Forces In The Uk Criminology Essay

Discussing British Police Forces In The Uk Criminology Essay British police forces in the United Kingdom are unarmed, patrolling officers carry baton, speed-handcuffs and incapacitate spray. However, some units carry sub-machine guns and protective clothing on the international airports. Police use of force is a controversy subject of many discussions and it can create social conflict. Citizens want the police to be able to protect them against criminals, crime and violence by use of force. The fear of use of force and abuse of authority by the police will challenge freedom and basic human and civil rights. It also threatens characteristic and priceless value to British traditional policing by consent (Waddington and Wright 2008, Waddington 1991, Waddington 2003 and Waldern 2007). To answer the workshop report question it is necessary to state that the above quote The police are the custodians of the states lawful monopoly of force/coercion comes from Waddingtons book The strong arm of the law, published by Clarendon Press in 1991. Main body: Background information: Policing and police forces in England and Wales differ to the policing style in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The start of policing was seen in 1829 in London established by Sir Robert Peel (Waddington 2003 and Palmer 1988). The police officers were armed at the beginning when the famous Bow Street Runners carried weapons. However, Peel insisted on creation of the New Police. It would include British police officers who are seen as citizens in uniform, that means that they have more powers then citizens when are uniformed, but they are equal when off duty. Also they were dressed in a non-military style and their presence was highly visible in the community (Waddington and Wright 2008 and Waldern 2007). Police use of force and coercion: Police officers always must justify their use of force and it must be necessary and proportionate to the situation and danger. The force must aim and targeted at the specific offender (Harlow 1974, Ashworth 1975 and Waddington 2003). The Metropolitan Police Service has its firearm department, called CO19 (known over the years as D6, D11, PT17 or SO19). Arms Police carry various combinations of weapons, including carbines, rifles, baton guns, pump-action shotguns and tasers. Coercion is way of reaction and practice when forcing public to behave in an involuntary conduct. Those actions and practice can be accomplished by use of threats, intimidation, form of pressure and force or use of torture as the most extreme methods (Police 2009, Waddington 1991). Previously, the military was the exclusive states custodians of force. Due to the growth of the nations multicultural and citizenship the police developed into the core institution to establish compliance between states lawful monopoly and the citizens (Marshall 1950, Tilly 1995 and Waldern 2007). Shoot to kill policy: Police officers use of lethal force is the last resource, to eliminate the threat and it does not mean shot to kill, although it aims to stop an imminent threat to life. The practice and recommendations when using lethal force in relation to terrorists was to aim at the torso, with is the biggest part of the body. From the other hand, it mostly causes fatal injuries to the terrorist suspect. It was replaced with the recommendation to use firearms as the last resource in self-defense cases. The counteract point can be argued that the bomb placed on the chest and can be detonated when shot. That can clarify the actions of some armed police officers (e.g. shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes on 22/07/2005) who shot to incapacitate by multiple shots to the head of a suspected suicide bomber. Shooting in such a way intends to guarantee immediate flaccid incapacitation of the brain stem. The main principle of shooting to incapacitate is not to kill however to accomplish instant incapacitation (ACPO 2005, Amnesty International 1988, Asmal 1985, Kennison and Loumansky 2007, Mainwaring-White 1983, Squires and Kennison 2010 and Waldern 2007). Policing by consent: Policing by consent is the relationship between police and community based on agreement. Community needs to respect and follow actions, tasks and routinely police work in return of detection and protection from crime. British police officers stay unarmed to uphold Queens Peace. The term of policing by consent can be confusing because police officers operate as members of the legitimate authority, custodians of the state. The police officer may ask the suspect to remain calm, answer few questions and stay with the police officer. The suspect may refuse the follow officers instructions, which will probably result in the suspect being arrested. The suspect did not consent to being arrested but wanted to leave, the police powers of arrest allow the police officer to act against suspects will and detain the suspect. The publics compliance can be achieved by informing the public what to do. In case if they refuse and do not comply, police officer can force them to compliance (Police 2009 and Waddington 1991). Legislations: Those documents give the police powers to use force as a custodians of states lawful monopoly. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Gives powers of arrest, search a person/vehicle without first making an arrest, search premises, seize and retain property found on premises/persons, the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of people in the custody, recording of interviews, methods used during the investigation and deals with the detention of terrorism suspects (Home Office 2010). Human Rights Act 1998, Article 2 Protects right to life and states the use of lethal force by police should be necessary and proportionate (The National Archives 2010 and Waddington and Wright 2008). The ACPO Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms The police officers may use force only when strictly necessary and to the extent required to perform their duties (ACPO 2005). Criminal Justice Act 1967, section 3 Any person may use reasonable force in prevention of crime or assisting during the lawful arrest for lawful purposes (Waddington 1991 and Waddington and Wright 2008). Common Law Police officers and citizens share a right to defend themselves and the duty to maintain Queens Peace (Waddington and Wright 2008). Conclusion: The law in United Kingdom allows police officer to use reasonable force to make an arrest, to prevent crime from happening or in case of self-defense. The use of fatal force needs to be justified that the fore used during the given circumstances was not more than absolutely necessary. The above picture created public concerns and nervousness about the issue of usage of the minimum force and style of policing based on coercion. The police have authorization by the law to achieve compliance from the public by usage of coercion. As mention earlier, policing by consent and coercion created the dilemma, due to the publics expectation, norms and values and the methods of policing. The armed officers are allowed only to shot to stop an imminent threat to life. Police officers need to take a responsible decision when planning to shoot a firearm. The officer must be convinced of the indisputable need to fire a gun in order to protect life, the rational nature of the force that they will use, and the insufficiency of any other option. The force used by police as the custodians of the states monopoly of force can only be used against citizens who breach the peace and break the law The formation of an unarmed and civil police force is the mark-point of the British police tradition. It resulted in the establishment of the states lawful monopoly for force. References: ACPO (2005) The ACPO Manual of Guidance on Police use of Firearms, ACPO Amnesty International (1988) United Kingdom: Northern Ireland: Killings by Security Forces and Supergrass Trials, London, Amnesty International Ashworth, A. J. (1975) Self-defense and the right to life, Cambridge: Law Journal 34, Volume 2 Asmal, K. (1985) Shoot to Kill? International Lawyers Inquiry into the Lethal Use of Firearms by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland, Dublin, Mercier Press. Harlow, C. (1974) Self-Defense: Public Right or Private Privilege?, Criminal Law Review Home Office (2010) Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and Accompanying Codes of Practice, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/police/powers/pace-codes (accessed on 05/11/2010) Kennison, P. and Loumansky, A. (2007) Shoot to kill: Understanding police use of force in combating suicide terrorism, Crime, Law and Social Change 47 Mainwaring-White, S. (1983) The Policy Revolution, Brighton: Harvester Marshall, T. H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays, Cambridge University Press. Palmer, S. H. (1988) Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Police (2009) Policing by Consent, The Police Federation of England and Wales Squires, P. and Kennison, P. (2010) Shooting to kill? Policing, Firearms and Armed Response, Wiley-Blackwell The National Archives (2010) Human Rights Act 1998, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents (accessed on 05/11/2010) Tilly, C. (1995) Popular Contention in Great Britain, Harvard University Press. Waddington, P. A. J. (1991) The strong arm of the law, Oxford: Clarendon Press Waddington, P. A. J. (1999) Policing Citizens, London, Routledge Waddington, P. A. J. (2003) Human Rights and Police use of Force in the Terrorist Context, in Stenning, P. C. (eds.) Police use of Force and Human Rights, Criminology Research Centre Occasional Paper Waddington, P. A. J. and Wright, M. (2008) in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Policing, Second Edition, Willan Publishing Waldern, M. J. (2007) Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms since 1945, Sutton Publishing

Work: Economic Growth and Theme Park Essay

It was a challenge for me to work on this undertaking. because it is a learning procedure for me that how. I could undertake this inquiry hence I collected primary and secondary informations for my undertaking and seek my best to analyse the whole state of affairs and bring forth a good Peace of work. I gather information about Theme Parkss called Alton tower. After acquiring the brief cognition about this subject park and their strength and failings. through buttocks to Alton tower web site. With the aid of some good secondary informations such as different web site and books beginnings. I used some selling schemes such as cleavage which is used to aim different types of consumers and it will assist to happen out how this subject park can make something new among other rival further I did a plague analyses. created a good pricing schemes which will assist this subject parks to make long term planning and let them to confront different menaces and jobs in a defensible manner. Political factor consequence really much because Government alterations often and every Government makes it ain policy. which cancel or postponed the old policies and new policies are implemented. which start their work from zero point and all the old work and policies result bootless. Such as subject park might hold jobs in pricing schemes. if Taxes increasing. expensive increasing. clocking factor etc so due to this it can act upon the subject park negatively. On other manus if authorities policies are in the favour of concern sector so might be possible that it will assist Alton. Tower and they can gain more net income borders. Such as late UK authorities has cut down the VAT value added revenue enhancement which will increase the demand of costumiers coming towards subject Parkss more so this show that it’s a good measure taken by authorities in favour of concern sector. . Government Development When it comes to development so authorities some clip can play a critical function in bettering the society criterion such as authorities can give financess to theme Parkss or supply good installations for people who comes over there for enjoyments such built sitting country. exigency aid desk. locator and maps of London in subject Parkss for tourers. Environmental protection and ordinance To protect the environment authorities ever coerce the subject park direction to be stick on this issue and cognizant there costumiers to follow the ordinance such as left eating points. garbic. should be through in ashcans and whole subject park should be Cover up by ashcans. Cars should be non allowed in subject Parkss they should hold separate parking pace due to pollution which is botching the environment. Government should set hoardings of Environmental protection and ordinance on entryway of subject Parkss to cognizant people. Contract implementing jurisprudence over costumer’s safety. In this factor authorities will ever seek their best to do certain that subject Parkss are holding good safety safeguard for costumiers and whole subject Parkss is to the full covered by CCTV so that they can support in good manner against any unsafe state of affairs. Economic Inflation In this factor if the monetary value addition over all the UK and there is high sum of rising prices in state so this will impact the subject park. because there will be a lessening in public disbursement due to rising prices. farther if rising prices is lifting so there will be increase in cost of subject Parkss such as disbursals will lift up. hence theme park will hold no other option left and they will increase their tickets monetary value besides. Economic development If the Alton subject Parks does a good concern of all time twelvemonth such as many people or tourer love to come to UK for enjoyment and in this instance Alton subject park Is a good illustration of amusement and many people would wish to see it due to this it will hold a positive impact over economic conditions of UK. such as there will be increase in GDP. Globalization will increase and there will be a large roar in tourer industry. Employment. Alton subject park is topographic point which is full of amusement and in this instance many people want to see it in different seasons such as summer holidaies is a good season in which subject Parkss are to the full crowded. To manage that demand of people Alton subject park will necessitate workers in their organisation every twelvemonth. Theme park can play a critical function in seasonal employment which is good for economic growing because unemployment will be reduced. Mac Gee ( 2004 ) Pg 415. ( themeparks UK. 2008 ) . titley. b. pg 378 ( 1993 ) . Social Life manner alterations. When we talk about life manner so now yearss different people have different life manner. Harmonizing to people they want something new in life so hence they decide to hold some good holidaies or vacations so that they can remain loosen up for some clip in such busy universe. so theme park like Alton can play a critical function in altering life manner of people this subject park can let people to remain relax and hold peace in their life such as it has good atmosphere. hotel nice merriment topographic point for household and twosomes. Population and age population and growing rate is a really of import factor which can act upon any concern in a positive or negative manner and when it comes to theme park like Alton tower. they need costumiers so that they can hold good concern growing and UK has a good population which is helpful to this subject park and in this population subject Parkss are more attractive towards childs about 10 to 15 or adolescent agers so this will assist Alton subject Parkss to make cleavage of people who can be interested in subject Parkss and so they can aim coevals X ( 10-16 ) and Y ( 16 – 20 ) . more. Populating conditions This is factor which Alton subject park should concentrate more because this subject Parkss have hotel agreements for costumiers hence they have to be perfect in maintaining good Quaintly standard life conditions so that clients are satisfied in a good manner and one time costumiers are happy signifier there services this will assist to better subject Parkss image and good growing in gross revenues what is pest analysis. ( 2008 ) .

Comparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down

Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present in their respective societies. Hypocrisy can be defined as the difference between illusion and reality, in accordance to society it can be seen as people who are not who they appear to be, people who apply a faà §ade. This hypocrisy is present in†¦show more content†¦The presence of this red hunting hat mirrors the central idea present in the text. Holdens need for alienation versus his need for companionship, which in a sense is a paradoxical statement, as in order to achieve acceptance through companio nship, isolation of ones self must be eliminated. Another key symbol in The Catcher In The Rye is the museum of natural history. Holden mentions how he loves the museum and subconsciously desires society to mirror the ideals of this museum. This is present through the quote The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. . . . Nobodyd be different. The only thing that would be different would be you.. The responder, earlier in the novel, has already experienced that Holden cant deal with conflict, confusion, and change. The museum presents him with a vision of life he can understand, a life that is frozen, silent, and always the same. The museum is perceived as Holdens safe haven from hypocrisy and criticism. What is witnessed in the museum is factual and does not illude reality; Holden enjoys visiting the museum because it is in no way deceiving reality. The parallel to this in Igby Goes Down is how the lighting and wardrob e identify Igby to the audience. The use of the scarf always worn around Igbys neck is the equivalent to Holdens red hunting hat, both

My Experience As An Intern For The Semester Of Fall

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